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This research examines the natural and artificial lighting performance comparison in an architecture classroom at a university in southern Thailand and gives principles for enhancing lighting design. The sample for the study was classroom spaces. The efficacy of natural and artificial lighting was studied using static and dynamic models, and data were obtained using a 4 in 1 multi-function environmental meter at various times of the day. The current study adopted the IESNA (Illuminating Engineering Society of North America) and CIBSE (Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers) lighting standards for the performance comparison analysis. The results showed that the natural light in the classrooms did not satisfy the standards for lighting levels. In contrast, the artificial lighting was more effective but raised some issues with uniformity and glare. The study offers recommendations for improving lighting effectiveness, maximizing natural light, reducing energy consumption, improving the uniformity of artificial illumination, addressing issues with various classroom lighting designs, and creating more comfortable and realistic learning environments.

Artificial light at night (ALAN) widely affects wildlife by blurring light‐dark differences, including transitions such as sunrise and sunset, thereby affecting regulation of diel rhythms. As a result, activity onsets in many wild diurnal songbirds advance under ALAN. From chronobiological studies, it is known that the direction and strength of the response to light depends on when during the night exposure takes place. However, these experiments are mostly done under continuous light conditions, when animals have free‐running rhythms. It remains unclear whether phase‐dependence also holds in entrained, wild songbirds; i.e., does the effect of ALAN on activity patterns differ between exposure in the morning compared to the evening? This information is essential to assess the effects of mitigation measures by limiting ALAN to selected times of the night. We exposed incubating great tits (Parus major) inside the nest‐box to 4 h of dim light, of which 1 h overlapped with dawn before sunrise or dusk after sunset. We found a small advancing effect of morning‐light on activity onset and of evening‐light on offset compared to dark controls but not vice versa. Breeding success and chick condition were unaffected by the light treatments. However, light‐treated females had lower weights 9–18 days after the end of the treatment compared to the controls, independent of whether ALAN occurred in the morning or the evening, indicating possible costs of ALAN. Despite the weak behavioral response, ALAN might have affected the females' circadian clock or physiology resulting in lower body condition. Research Highlights: Part‐night lighting alters natural shifts in incubation activity patterns. Thus, onset advanced by light in the early morning and offset by light in the early evening compared to dark controls, and led to lower body weights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial light can be used to deter unwanted non‐target catch (bycatch) from fishing gear, which is thought to be achieved by repelling bycatch, or highlighting escape routes on nets. To select for responses in bycatch species, light should (1) cause the bycatch species to avoid capture, and (2) not invoke the same reaction in target species. One way to maximise the chance of a bycatch species responding to light is to ensure the light colour used is more visible to bycatch species. Some studies have considered the visual sensitivity of certain species to address this. In particular, the wavebands of light that a species is sensitive to. However, using this measurement alone is incomplete as it does not consider other factors that affect visibility, such as the ambient light spectrum, and wavelength‐dependant light attenuation in different water types and depths. To account for these variables, and to more accurately predict how both target and bycatch species view light colours in a fishing context, we used a model of the vision of commercially relevant species in fisheries across the world. From this, we show whether a light colour is more visible to a bycatch species compared to a target species in a particular depth and water type, and how modelling can be used to make informed assessments of the selection of relevant light colours in fishing. We also discuss the limitations of using vision models alone and the need for corresponding behaviour and/or fishing trials with lights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of seedlings is one of the main activities for implementing agricultural crops. Many factors are involved in producing quality seedlings, including nutrition, health, genetics, and climatic factors such as temperature, humidity, and light. To evaluate the effect of light supplementation, a study was conducted using supplementary artificial light to produce lettuce and cauliflower seedlings. Sowing was carried out in styrofoam trays under a floating irrigation system. Part of the experiment containing the two species, received treatment with LED light for an additional 4 h per day, in addition to solar radiation (10 h∙day−1). The remaining seedlings received only solar radiation (without supplementation). After 37 days, the seedlings' biometric (leaf area, root length, aerial dry mass, and root dry mass) and biochemical parameters (phenolic compounds, flavonoids, chlorophyll a/b, and total chlorophyll) were analyzed. The data showed that the complementary light enhanced the performance in all the biometric parameters evaluated in the experiment for lettuce and cauliflower. The biochemical parameters in lettuce were also higher in seedlings with light supplementation. For cauliflower, supplementary light did not differ from the natural photoperiod for biochemical parameters except for a reduction in the levels of total phenolic compounds. Considering the enhanced biometric and biochemical parameters and greater dry weight and leaf area of the seedlings grown with supplemental light, using such a tool can optimize seedling development, possibly reducing production time in the nursery and providing greater productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of seedlings is one of the main activities for implementing agricultural crops. Many factors are involved in producing quality seedlings, including nutrition, health, genetics, and climatic factors such as temperature, humidity, and light. To evaluate the effect of light supplementation, a study was conducted using supplementary artificial light to produce lettuce and cauliflower seedlings. Sowing was carried out in styrofoam trays under a floating irrigation system. Part of the experiment containing the two species, received treatment with LED light for an additional 4 h per day, in addition to solar radiation (10 h∙day−1). The remaining seedlings received only solar radiation (without supplementation). After 37 days, the seedlings’ biometric (leaf area, root length, aerial dry mass, and root dry mass) and biochemical parameters (phenolic compounds, flavonoids, chlorophyll a/b, and total chlorophyll) were analyzed. The data showed that the complementary light enhanced the performance in all the biometric parameters evaluated in the experiment for lettuce and cauliflower. The biochemical parameters in lettuce were also higher in seedlings with light supplementation. For cauliflower, supplementary light did not differ from the natural photoperiod for biochemical parameters except for a reduction in the levels of total phenolic compounds. Considering the enhanced biometric and biochemical parameters and greater dry weight and leaf area of the seedlings grown with supplemental light, using such a tool can optimize seedling development, possibly reducing production time in the nursery and providing greater productivity.

Climate and land-use change are modifying the availability of food and water resources, which is driving more wildlife to the wildland-urban interface. For many wildlife populations, use of these areas still requires habitat connectivity both within the interface and/or to wildland habitats. However, navigating these areas can be difficult due to human development and sensory pollutants, such as artificial night light. Determining how these components of urbanization influence the behaviors and functional connectivity of species is important for managing wildlife within these mixed-use landscapes. Here we used a movescape approach based on graph theory to characterize functional uses of the landscape using metrics for behavior, connectivity, and space use intensity. We found that mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus; n = 43) functional uses of anthropogenic landscapes in the Intermountain West, USA, were dependent not only on physical barriers, terrain, and sensory factors, but also the local levels of light exposure and vegetative greenness. Remotely sensed artificial light levels had a strong influence on how mule deer used the landscape by reducing the intensity of use in the most illuminated areas given forage availability. In contrast, relatively high local light levels were associated with increased use intensity within less developed areas—highlighting the foraging tradeoffs for species using the wildland-urban interface. Corridor use was reduced in areas where road and housing density were higher, and within-corridor movement was faster when artificial light was high and vegetative greenness was low. Developing a more mechanistic understanding of how species functionally use the landscape in relation to features of urbanization can enhance conservation by delineating areas important for connectivity and foraging, while providing insights into how future development and climate change may alter movement and behavior. Spatially-explicit estimates of functional uses can directly guide management decisions to maintain species resiliency and improve land-use planning.

The objectives are the analysis of the benefits and risks of LED lighting systems in the economic, social and environmental fields; as well as the evaluation of the political, economic and social conditions for the use of LED lighting systems in Cuba. The relationship between the advantages of this technology and the benefits offered by its application in different sectors of society and economy is deepened. Also, its impact on the lighting industry and off-grid communities in developing countries is discussed. In addition, the main risks involved in their use are exposed, identifying the related open research fields in this direction, and it demonstrates the importance of considering the risks of LED lighting in projects. Finally, the existing conditions in Cuba for the development of LED lighting and its contribution to sustainability and energy independence are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the immune-stimulating and anti-diabetic effects of Allium hookeri leaves grown in a plant factory with artificial lights. The immunomodulatory effects of A. hookeri leaves' ethanol extracts were evaluated with immune-related hematological factors in blood, the proliferation of splenocytes, NK cell activity, IgG and cytokine levels, and their mechanisms in immunosuppressed obese mice. Anti-diabetic effects were determined by the inhibitory activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase in vitro and fasting blood glucose levels and biochemical factors in the serum of immunosuppressed obese mice. A. hookeri leaf extracts increased WBC and LYM counts, the proliferation of splenocytes, and serum IgG and IL-1β concentrations compared to those of the NC group, which was used as a negative control. A. hookeri leaf extracts also improved serum HDL levels while they decreased the activities of digestive enzymes, fasting blood glucose, and biochemical factors (ALT, AST, T-Chol, TG, LDL, and GLU). The expressions of IL-1β, JNK, c-Jun, p65, and iNOS in the thymus of immunosuppressed mice were activated by the treatment of A. hookeri leaf extracts. The results suggest that A. hookeri leaves grown in a plant factory with artificial lights also have immune-stimulatory and anti-diabetic effects and can be used as novel functional supplements to control related diseases and to improve public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weaning stress is the most common issue in swine farms, which increases mortality and morbidity. The use of artificial light is an option for modifying the immune system and metabolic pathways. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of ultraweak light (Photonia) on growth performance, immune system and metabolism of weanling pigs, and the carry‐over effect on the growth performance in postweanling growing stages. A total of 30 weaned pigs with an average initial body weight of 7.06 ± 0.11 kg (age: 21 days) were allotted two treatments (Control and Photonia) with 15 replicates. The pelleted form diets were prepared for pigs in three phases including phase 1 (Days 0–14), phase 2 (Days 15–28) and phase 3 (Days 29–48). The gain‐to‐feed ratio (G:F) of pigs was significantly greater in the Photonia treatment. On Day 28, a higher concentration of immunoglobin A (IgA) (p < 0.01) and IgG (p < 0.01) was observed in the Photonia pigs. On Day 48, the Photonia treatment showed a greater serum IgA (p < 0.01) and IgG (p < 0.05). The concentration of interleukin (IL)‐6 was decreased (p < 0.05) in the Photonia treatment. At Day 48, the concentrations of tumour necrotic factor‐α, IL‐1β and IL‐6 in serum were decreased (p < 0.05) in pigs in the Photonia treatment. Metabolic pathways analysis showed that the Photonia treatment increased the d‐glutamine, d‐glutamate, alanine, aspartate, glutamate and phenylalanine compared with the control treatment. In conclusion, the use of Photonia for weanling pigs is recommended due to improved G:F, immune status and activation of amino acids metabolic pathways including d‐glutamine, d‐glutamate, alanine, aspartate, glutamate and phenylalanine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal movement throughout the landscape is a key concept for population viability. Human footprint can reduce animal movement through barrier effects such as habitat change and fragmentation, or through enhanced resources. Artificial light at night (ALAN) can affect the movement of nocturnal animals such as bats that are highly mobile in the landscape. Very few studies have explicitly quantified the choices that moving bats make when they encounter a light source on their flight routes. We assessed whether ALAN of different colours (green, red and white) compared to control conditions affected the use of ecological corridors, considering (i) activity and (ii) movement along the corridor, for open, edge (i.e. light‐opportunistic) and narrow‐space (i.e. light‐averse) foraging bats. We modelled the effects of 28 independent lampposts at four experimental sites on bat activity and movement (i.e. the number of trajectories towards the lamppost and the probability of lamppost crossing). Each lamppost was sampled two to three times over eight complete nights using paired passive acoustic stereo recorders to record bat activity and reconstruct bat trajectories. Narrow‐space foragers were much less active in presence of any light source, and fewer flew towards any lit lampposts. Open and edge‐space foragers were more active close to white and green lights, and to a lesser extent red light, compared to unlit control sites. Edge‐space foragers overall flew more towards white and green lampposts, but had a lower probability of fully crossing a white and red‐lighted site. The study shows that ALAN can strongly alter bat movements along landscape structures, for light‐averse but also light‐opportunistic species. Such changes in flight behaviour may involve bypasses or detours, which may force bats to fly longer distances at night which could ultimately affect fitness. Our findings suggest that avoiding artificial lighting close to flight routes will benefit bats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lighting technologies develop rapidly and the energy efficiency of LEDs quadrupled between prices have decreased more than 60% in the last decade. The cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis, commercially known as food supplement Spirulina, has great potential for urban indoor farming due to its high growth rate and low resources needed. This study investigates the combined effects of photoperiod (16–24 h light), light intensity (100–400 μmol photons m−2 s−1), and temperature (27–35℃) on production and energy efficiency in the cultivation of A. platensis in 0.5 L bubble column photobioreactor. This study aimed to develop a cost-efficient LED light regime for attaining maximal production of A. platensis. All experiments under cold white (6500 K) light show higher light energy efficiency than those under warm white (3000 K) light (p < 0.05). The light saturation point was at 261 μmol photons m−2 s−1 for warm white light and was not reached for cold white light. The maximum specific growth rate (µmax) was 2.2 day−1, 30% higher than reported in the literature. This growth rate was obtained at 24:00 light:dark photoperiod 33–35℃ and cold white light; light efficiency was 3 kW g−1 DW. Cultivation under warm white light resulted in 22% lower µmax, and light efficiency was 9 kW g−1 DW. The most economical light intensity was 193 μmol photons m−2 s−1 of cold white light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial light at night (ALAN), which can confuse and distract insects, has been implicated as a contributor of their decline worldwide. Changes in artificial light technology has led to a widespread conversion of outdoor lighting to light‐emitting diode (LED) bulbs, which are more energy efficient than older high‐intensity discharge or fluorescent lamps. However, many outdoor LED lights emit a proportion of short‐wavelength blue light, to which insects are commonly sensitive. The potential to reduce flying insect attraction to outdoor lights by using LEDs that emit different amounts of blue light, or by placing lights further from insect sources has not been well‐studied, particularly for freshwater insects.We tested whether four blue‐white LEDs that varied in their emittance of blue light intensity (3000, 4000, 5650, 6500 Kelvin [K] colour temperature) differed in their attractiveness to flying insects, particularly adult caddisflies (Trichoptera) over distances up to 100 m from a river. LEDs were deployed at a lit urban river and a predominantly unimpacted braided river in Canterbury, New Zealand. We expected a greater abundance and species richness of adult caddisflies to be attracted to LEDs that emit more blue light (cooler white LEDs [6500, 5650 K]) than those that emit less (warmer colour temperatures [3000 K, 4000 K]). We also expected the abundance and species richness of adult caddisflies in light traps to decline rapidly with increasing distance from the river, regardless of colour temperature.Moths, flies and a total of 26 caddisfly species were collected from both rivers. Significantly more caddisflies were attracted to higher than lower colour temperature LEDs. For example, a more than 1.6‐fold number of caddisflies were caught by the bluer‐white 6500 K LEDs than the warmer‐white 3000 K LEDs. This trend was consistent across most caddisfly taxa and both rivers. The number of caddisflies attracted to LEDs significantly declined with increasing distance from the river edge for the two most abundant caddisfly families and the four most abundant species; 65% of all caddisflies were caught by 20 m from the river margin.In order to reduce the attraction of caddisflies to outdoor lights such as streetlights, our study highlights the importance of considering a low LED colour temperature (3000 K or 4000 K) or those that emit less blue light and the benefit of positioning lights further back from waterways, where possible.Our results indicate that plans for urban outdoor lighting should consider the ecological implications of different colour temperature LEDs and their spatial position as project design considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Artificial light at night (ALAN) is one of the most pervasive and rapidly expanding sources of anthropogenic pollution. Aquatic ecosystems may be especially vulnerable to the effects of ALAN due to their disproportionate exposure to anthropogenic pressures. However, research on mechanisms of response to ALAN by aquatic species remains sparse. Our research investigated the extent to which ALAN influences the nocturnal feeding efficiency of Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus. Methods: Using an array of outdoor mesocosm tanks, we assigned juvenile Bluegill to five nighttime lighting treatments (control dark, 1 lx, 4 lx, 12 lx, and intermittent 12 lx). We conducted weekly nighttime feeding trials for 6 weeks to assess four prey capture variables, including capture efficiency (the effectiveness of prey strikes), capture rate (the number of prey items captured), strike rate (the frequency of prey strikes), and latency (time elapsed before the first prey strike). Result: The steady lighting treatments, which were selected based on nighttime urban light intensities we previously measured in the field, had no apparent effect on any of the prey capture variables. However, flashing high‐intensity lights (intended to mimic the effect of passing car headlights on a busy highway) had a significant negative effect on capture rate and strike rate, thereby inhibiting the ability of fish to strike at and capture prey. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate the potential for light pollution (especially flashing or intermittent lights) to interfere with the foraging behavior of this ecologically and economically important sportfish. Impact statementLight pollution, especially flashing lights, may interfere with the foraging behavior of an ecologically and economically important sport fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban noise and artificial light at night (ALAN) are global pollutants affecting animal acoustic communication. A previous study that measured noise, but not ALAN, found that vermilion flycatchers produce longer songs in noisier territories. A subsequent study in another population, that measured noise and ALAN, found that males emit longer songs in brighter, but not noisier, territories. The negative result could be due a lack of sufficient noise variation in the latter study. We evaluated the contribution of noise and ALAN on song length, provided sufficient variation in noise and ALAN. We also measured song peak frequency. During the dawn chorus, we recorded songs of 41 vermilion flycatchers in two populations (UNAM and PERM), and measured noise, ALAN, and temperature. For the population with sufficient noise and ALAN variation (UNAM), we confirmed that song length was positively associated with noise; it was also negatively associated with ALAN, especially in those males recorded late in the breeding season. At UNAM, we found an overall positive association between song pitch and ALAN; additionally, males singing at relatively low ambient temperatures (12-15 °C) produced higher pitched songs as ALAN increased. Those singing closer to new moon and at relatively low ambient noise levels (43-54 dB[A]) sang higher pitched songs in brighter territories; these two results should be taken cautiously. Our results show that light, noise, date, and temperature are associated in unexpected ways with song length and pitch, potentially affecting song information content and sexual selection.

The effects of anthropogenic sources of light on the circadian biology of marine animals are largely unexplored at the molecular and cellular level. Given that light is a major driver of circadian rhythms at the behavioral, physiological, cellular, and even molecular levels, it is important to consider the effects that anthropogenic light, especially at night, has on aquatic species. With the expanding data generated from circadian clock research, it is surprising that these techniques have not been applied more frequently to better understand how artificial light affects animal circadian rhythms. Circadian research has been limited to behavioral and physiological observations in wild marine animals rather than a cellular and molecular understanding due to the logistical constraints. While there are some benefits to using artificial light at night (ALAN), there have also been many studies reporting physiological and behavioral consequences in response to exposure to ALAN. Here, the benefits and consequences of using ALAN in the marine environment are reviewed. Furthermore, perspectives on research limitations and future research directions are discussed. Taken together, this is an important area in which more information is required to translate our understanding of circadian biology into better practices to promote the health and welfare of marine animals.

IntroductionIt is predicted that the world population will grow to 9.3 billion by 2050 and the urban population will increase by 73%, growing from 3.6 billion to 6.3 billion. This huge population requires abundant food production. A plant factory with artificial light (PFAL) is a closed growing system that is insulated against heat and air. The plants grow on shelves under horizontal artificial lighting. The main goal of PFAL is commercial plant production, but mini PFALs do not have commercial goals and are used to produce plants in small domestic sizes. Plants that are less than 30 cm tall, and grow well in relatively low light conditions and at high planting densities, are suitable for the plant factory. Therefore, plants such as rice, wheat, and potatoes are not suitable for cultivation in a plant factory.The main purpose of this research is to study the proper light quality for growing radish plants. All light treatments had a significant effect on biomass, sugar, and photosynthetic pigments of radish. The results showed that the highest amount of chlorophyll a was 0.964 mg g-1 fresh leaf weight and the lowest amount was 0.318 mg g-1 fresh leaf weight. For chlorophyll b, the highest value was 0.666 mg g-1 wet weight and the lowest value was 0.229 mg g-1 wet weight. The highest and lowest carotenoid contents were 74.75 mg g-1 and 30.6 mg g-1 wet weight, respectively. The highest sugar content was 0.717 μg g-1 dry weight and the lowest was 0.02 μg g-1 dry weight. The highest fresh and dry weights of the plant were 0.27 g and 0.014 g, respectively, while the lowest values recorded were 0.155 g and 0.007 g, respectively. In this study, plant length was also examined, but no significant difference was observed between different light treatments. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the light composition (R2, G0, B1) was the most suitable light regime for use in the designed system.Materials and MethodsThe plant studied in this investigation was radish. The place of growth was a vertically built system consisting of four floors, each divided into two sections. A controller was required in each section to regulate parameters such as light time, temperature, and moisture. The controllers were designed using Fritzing software and built with parts and sensors like DHT 11, Arduino UNO based on ATMEGA328P, Relay module Arduino, data logging shield, and driver module RC. A programming platform like Arduino was used to write codes for controlling the remaining parameters. This study tested seven different light treatments, plus sunlight as a control, to investigate their effects on radish growth. The light treatments were developed by adjusting the number of three different lights: red, green, and blue. LEDs were installed after designing and constructing the m-PFAL system. Based on previous research conducted in this field, all LED lights were positioned above the shelves to ensure that the plants received an appropriate amount of light in a vertical orientation. Additionally, light reflectors were installed beside the plants to provide proper lighting for the lower leaves. The experimental design involved a completely randomized design with eight treatments and three replications, and all data analysis was conducted through SAS software. The average comparison was performed using the Duncan method at a probability of 1% and 5%.Results and DiscussionThe results indicate that the light regime (R2, G0, B1) resulted in the highest amount of chlorophyll "a", which was significantly different from both the control and other treatments. The treatment with the lowest amount of chlorophyll "a" was (R1, G0, B0), which did not differ significantly from the control or (R1, G1, B1). The treatment with the highest amount of chlorophyll "b" was (R2, G0, B1), which differed significantly from the control but not from (R2, G1, B0) or (R1, G0, B2). Using a mixed light treatment of blue and red resulted in higher amounts of photosynthesis pigments, especially when the red light was more prevalent. The treatment with the highest wet weight was (R2, G0, B1), which did not differ significantly from natural light. The treatment with the lowest wet weight was the just red light treatment, which was much lower than the other treatments. The dry weight of the radish was 4-6 percent of its wet weight, and the treatment with the highest dry weight was (R2, G0, B1), which did not differ significantly from (R0, G1, B2) or (R1, G0, B0). The treatment with the highest amount of sugar was (R2, G0, B1), which was significantly higher than other optical regimes used and natural light. Because the production of carbohydrates and sugar is directly related to photosynthesis, it can be concluded that the state of photosynthesis was most proper in the (R2, G0, B1) treatment.ConclusionThis study investigated the optimal light quality for the healthy and rapid growth of radish plants in a plant factory. LED lights can be an excellent alternative to natural light when there are limitations, such as in greenhouses or multi-floor plantings. The results show that the best light mixture was red and blue lights, with more red light than blue light, while the worst light regime was just red color, which had a negative effect on all parameters.

The effects of anthropogenic sources of light on the circadian biology of marine animals are largely unexplored at the molecular and cellular level. Given that light is a major driver of circadian rhythms at the behavioral, physiological, cellular, and even molecular levels, it is important to consider the effects that anthropogenic light, especially at night, has on aquatic species. With the expanding data generated from circadian clock research, it is surprising that these techniques have not been applied more frequently to better understand how artificial light affects animal circadian rhythms. Circadian research has been limited to behavioral and physiological observations in wild marine animals rather than a cellular and molecular understanding due to the logistical constraints. While there are some benefits to using artificial light at night (ALAN), there have also been many studies reporting physiological and behavioral consequences in response to exposure to ALAN. Here, the benefits and consequences of using ALAN in the marine environment are reviewed. Furthermore, perspectives on research limitations and future research directions are discussed. Taken together, this is an important area in which more information is required to translate our understanding of circadian biology into better practices to promote the health and welfare of marine animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing the nighttime environment of urban green spaces to improve visitor's experiences plays a pivotal role in realizing the full functional potential of these spaces and promoting the health and well-being of residents. However, the predominant focus of designers tends to be on artificial illumination within nightscapes, often overshadowing the consideration of natural lights such as moonlight. In this study, a total of 44 photographs of nightscapes with and without artificial lights at half- and full-moon nights respectively were taken using digital cameras at 11 sample sites of urban green spaces. Scored by college students, these photographs were assessed according to visitors' experience in five dimensions. The results indicated that at both half- and full-moon nights, the average scores of the five experience dimensions in artificial lights were higher compared with moonlight conditions. However, at full-moon night, no significant difference in aesthetic preference, relaxation, and interestingness between artificial light and moonlight conditions was found; whereas, in terms of safety and willingness to visit, the scores under artificial light condition were significantly higher than those under moonlight. At half-moon night, there was no significant difference in aesthetic preference between artificial light and moonlight conditions, but the other four experience dimensions were significantly higher under the artificial light condition. These findings provide a theoretical basis to support the reintroduction of moonlight into urban green spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article develops an ecological approach (of space or landscape) that is framed by photographic works that capture the dark background of the night sky. The works presented display significant visual information about the environment and belong to heterogeneous photographic genres such as astrophotography or artistic documentary. The various photographic techniques presented through the works visualize visible and invisible radiations that prevail in the dark background of space. Taken as a whole, they broaden the perception of space and highlight the modern phenomenon of light pollution and the invasion of new information into space. The ecological approach is also framed by historical data that connect the evolution of photography and the photographic way of recording space with technological progress, the discovery of new places, the creation of metropolises, and especially the course of urban lighting, which is responsible for the majority of light pollution. Human intervention transforming the urban and natural environment has changed spatial experience, and capitalist organization of production has created a traumatic imprint on the environment. The idea that capitalism can provide the solutions that will reverse the burdened state of the ecosystem is not only not confirmed, but spaces seem to be minimized, shrinking, and landscapes alienated and homogenized. Light pollution now prevails across the planet, and in addition to the loss of the experience of darkness and the energy-intensive state, it threatens human health, flora, and fauna of the ecosystem. The homogenization of modern conditions, as recorded photographically, ultimately emerges as a condition that has arisen from the interventionist approach to the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate and land-use change are modifying the availability of food and water resources, which is driving more wildlife to the wildland-urban interface. For many wildlife populations, use of these areas still requires habitat connectivity both within the interface and/or to wildland habitats. However, navigating these areas can be difficult due to human development and sensory pollutants, such as artificial night light. Determining how these components of urbanization influence the behaviors and functional connectivity of species is important for managing wildlife within these mixed-use landscapes. Here we used a movescape approach based on graph theory to characterize functional uses of the landscape using metrics for behavior, connectivity, and space use intensity. We found that mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus ; n = 43) functional uses of anthropogenic landscapes in the Intermountain West, USA, were dependent not only on physical barriers, terrain, and sensory factors, but also the local levels of light exposure and vegetative greenness. Remotely sensed artificial light levels had a strong influence on how mule deer used the landscape by reducing the intensity of use in the most illuminated areas given forage availability. In contrast, relatively high local light levels were associated with increased use intensity within less developed areas—highlighting the foraging tradeoffs for species using the wildland-urban interface. Corridor use was reduced in areas where road and housing density were higher, and within-corridor movement was faster when artificial light was high and vegetative greenness was low. Developing a more mechanistic understanding of how species functionally use the landscape in relation to features of urbanization can enhance conservation by delineating areas important for connectivity and foraging, while providing insights into how future development and climate change may alter movement and behavior. Spatially-explicit estimates of functional uses can directly guide management decisions to maintain species resiliency and improve land-use planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the immune-stimulating and anti-diabetic effects of Allium hookeri leaves grown in a plant factory with artificial lights. The immunomodulatory effects of A. hookeri leaves’ ethanol extracts were evaluated with immune-related hematological factors in blood, the proliferation of splenocytes, NK cell activity, IgG and cytokine levels, and their mechanisms in immunosuppressed obese mice. Anti-diabetic effects were determined by the inhibitory activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase in vitro and fasting blood glucose levels and biochemical factors in the serum of immunosuppressed obese mice. A. hookeri leaf extracts increased WBC and LYM counts, the proliferation of splenocytes, and serum IgG and IL-1β concentrations compared to those of the NC group, which was used as a negative control. A. hookeri leaf extracts also improved serum HDL levels while they decreased the activities of digestive enzymes, fasting blood glucose, and biochemical factors (ALT, AST, T-Chol, TG, LDL, and GLU). The expressions of IL-1β, JNK, c-Jun, p65, and iNOS in the thymus of immunosuppressed mice were activated by the treatment of A. hookeri leaf extracts. The results suggest that A. hookeri leaves grown in a plant factory with artificial lights also have immune-stimulatory and anti-diabetic effects and can be used as novel functional supplements to control related diseases and to improve public health.

High concentrations of the most consumed pharmaceuticals, caffeine and paracetamol, have been observed globally in wastewater treatment plant discharge. Here, we assess the potential for photodegradation of caffeine and paracetamol residues at concentrations like those observed in treated wastewater discharges to the environment. Laboratory assays were used to measure rates of photodegradation of these two compounds both in distilled water and in natural river water with leaf litter leachate. When exposed to artificial light simulating natural sunlight, the half‐life values of caffeine and paracetamol were significantly shorter than in the dark. The presence of organic matter increased caffeine and paracetamol half‐life by lessening the photolytic effect. These results suggest that photolysis is a substantial contributor to the degradation of caffeine and paracetamol. The findings contribute to our understanding of persistence of pharmaceuticals in treated wastewater discharge. Practitioner Points: The photodegradation of caffeine and paracetamol residues in surface water was examined.With leaf litter leachate, caffeine and paracetamol were photodegraded in distilled and natural river water in laboratory.Caffeine's half‐life ranged from 2.3 to 16.2 days under artificial sunlight andparacetamols from 4.3 to 12.2 days.When incubated in the dark, the half‐life for both compounds exceeded 4 weeks.Organic matter decreased the photolytic action of caffeine and paracetamol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ecological effects from artificial light are complex and can affect species and life-stages differently. Ships are a dynamic source of light pollution, often brightly lit and temporarily increasing light levels in otherwise relatively dark areas. Because several nocturnal seabird species display reduced activity and avoidance of natural or artificial light, we expect that bright vessel lights may affect colony attendance patterns. Here, we test whether the presence of ships in front of coastal cliffs affects colony attendance in the Yelkouan Shearwater (Puffinus yelkouan). Ship presence at the site was obtained from an automatic identification system database, and a data logger measured light levels at the colony autonomously for four breeding seasons (2017–2020). Moreover, a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system was deployed at a cavernous colony entrance to register arrivals and departures of shearwaters. Direct illumination from ships increased cliff face brightness, and colony attendance was significantly reduced in brighter conditions. Ship presence reduced the number of shearwaters entering the colony per hour by a mean of 18% (SD ± 24). Disruption of natural attendance patterns is likely to have short- and long-term effects on breeding success, physiological condition, and colony viability. Therefore, we propose mitigation measures to reduce the impact from commercial shipping on burrow-nesting seabirds. Local regulations are necessary for colony-specific impact reduction, while incorporation of measures such as black-out blinds, fixture shielding and maximum brightness limits into international conventions can have additional far-reaching benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: It is predicted that the world population will grow to 9.3 billion by 2050 and the urban population will increase by 73%, growing from 3.6 billion to 6.3 billion. This huge population requires abundant food production. A plant factory with artificial light (PFAL) is a closed growing system that is insulated against heat and air. The plants grow on shelves under horizontal artificial lighting. The main goal of PFAL is commercial plant production, but mini PFALs do not have commercial goals and are used to produce plants in small domestic sizes. Plants that are less than 30 cm tall, and grow well in relatively low light conditions and at high planting densities, are suitable for the plant factory. Therefore, plants such as rice, wheat, and potatoes are not suitable for cultivation in a plant factory. The main purpose of this research is to study the proper light quality for growing radish plants. All light treatments had a significant effect on biomass, sugar, and photosynthetic pigments of radish. The results showed that the highest amount of chlorophyll a was 0.964 mg g-1 fresh leaf weight and the lowest amount was 0.318 mg g-1 fresh leaf weight. For chlorophyll b, the highest value was 0.666 mg g-1 wet weight and the lowest value was 0.229 mg g-1 wet weight. The highest and lowest carotenoid contents were 74.75 mg g-1 and 30.6 mg g-1 wet weight, respectively. The highest sugar content was 0.717 μg g-1 dry weight and the lowest was 0.02 μg g-1 dry weight. The highest fresh and dry weights of the plant were 0.27 g and 0.014 g, respectively, while the lowest values recorded were 0.155 g and 0.007 g, respectively. In this study, plant length was also examined, but no significant difference was observed between different light treatments. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the light composition (R2, G0, B1) was the most suitable light regime for use in the designed system. Materials and Methods: The plant studied in this investigation was radish. The place of growth was a vertically built system consisting of four floors, each divided into two sections. A controller was required in each section to regulate parameters such as light time, temperature, and moisture. The controllers were designed using Fritzing software and built with parts and sensors like DHT 11, Arduino UNO based on ATMEGA328P, Relay module Arduino, data logging shield, and driver module RC. A programming platform like Arduino was used to write codes for controlling the remaining parameters. This study tested seven different light treatments, plus sunlight as a control, to investigate their effects on radish growth. The light treatments were developed by adjusting the number of three different lights: red, green, and blue. LEDs were installed after designing and constructing the m-PFAL system. Based on previous research conducted in this field, all LED lights were positioned above the shelves to ensure that the plants received an appropriate amount of light in a vertical orientation. Additionally, light reflectors were installed beside the plants to provide proper lighting for the lower leaves. The experimental design involved a completely randomized design with eight treatments and three replications, and all data analysis was conducted through SAS software. The average comparison was performed using the Duncan method at a probability of 1% and 5%. Results and Discussion: The results indicate that the light regime (R2, G0, B1) resulted in the highest amount of chlorophyll "a", which was significantly different from both the control and other treatments. The treatment with the lowest amount of chlorophyll "a" was (R1, G0, B0), which did not differ significantly from the control or (R1, G1, B1). The treatment with the highest amount of chlorophyll "b" was (R2, G0, B1), which differed significantly from the control but not from (R2, G1, B0) or (R1, G0, B2). Using a mixed light treatment of blue and red resulted in higher amounts of photosynthesis pigments, especially when the red light was more prevalent. The treatment with the highest wet weight was (R2, G0, B1), which did not differ significantly from natural light. The treatment with the lowest wet weight was the just red light treatment, which was much lower than the other treatments. The dry weight of the radish was 4-6 percent of its wet weight, and the treatment with the highest dry weight was (R2, G0, B1), which did not differ significantly from (R0, G1, B2) or (R1, G0, B0). The treatment with the highest amount of sugar was (R2, G0, B1), which was significantly higher than other optical regimes used and natural light. Because the production of carbohydrates and sugar is directly related to photosynthesis, it can be concluded that the state of photosynthesis was most proper in the (R2, G0, B1) treatment. Conclusion: This study investigated the optimal light quality for the healthy and rapid growth of radish plants in a plant factory. LED lights can be an excellent alternative to natural light when there are limitations, such as in greenhouses or multi-floor plantings. The results show that the best light mixture was red and blue lights, with more red light than blue light, while the worst light regime was just red color, which had a negative effect on all parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial light at night (ALAN) is a growing global problem altering the behavior of organisms and thereby community composition and ecosystem processes. Research has mostly focused on terrestrial ecosystems, but a growing number of studies show that aquatic ecosystems are increasingly affected. Here, we provide a conceptual framework that describes how ALAN can influence aquatic ecosystems through effects on the behavior of ecologically important invertebrates. These organisms provide a range of critical ecological functions, from serving as food for other organisms to nutrient cycling and the translocation of energy and matter within and between ecosystems. In addition, we systematically searched the literature to assess the current state of the field and identify knowledge gaps. The literature search reveals that an increasing number of studies find light pollution to alter the behavior of aquatic invertebrates, such as their movements, habitat choice, and foraging behavior, but that the fitness consequences of these behavioral changes are largely unknown, as are their impacts on populations, communities, and ecosystems. Yet, assessing the consequences of behavioral changes for higher ecological levels is of vital importance given the central role of these invertebrates in ecosystems. Thus, more research needs to be directed to the ecological consequences of behavioral responses of aquatic invertebrates to light pollution. Overall, more effort should be made to assess the ecological consequences of behavioral responses to ALAN, and, importantly, how negative effects of light pollution could be mitigated. Significance statement: Light pollution is of growing ecological concern and influencing ecosystems through effects on the behavior of organisms. Aquatic ecosystems are increasingly exposed and an ecologically important group of organisms in these systems are invertebrates. Here, we discuss how artificial light at night alters the behavior of aquatic invertebrates and how this in turn influences ecosystem structure and function. Such an understanding of the mechanisms and pathways that underlie the effect of light pollution on aquatic ecosystems is needed if we are to develop efficient strategies to reduce negative effects of human-made lighting systems on ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light is a critical parameter for plant growth such that providing enough light for the plant can ensure better quality and higher yield in greenhouses. In many areas, in the cold seasons of the year, not enough natural light reaches the plant. Thus, to compensate for the natural light deficit, artificial light is used. Since the use of artificial light leads to energy consumption, effective parameters in the energy consumption of the lighting system such as available natural light, greenhouse shape, and the on-off plan of the lighting system should be considered. In this paper, available natural light is estimated based on greenhouse structure in five cities of Iran. Then, the natural light deficit was investigated. Finally, to achieve clean cultivation, the utilization of photovoltaic panels is investigated to compensate for the electrical energy needed for supplementary lighting. The results show that although Iran is recognized as a region with high solar energy potential, natural light is not enough for optimum tomato lighting demand. Using supplementary lighting in greenhouses could compensate for the lack of natural light in proportion to the capacity of the lighting system. In 73.22 % to 91.32 % of days in the period of September to April, the natural light is not sufficient for optimum lighting. Therefore, 98 to 377 electricity is needed to supply power for supplementary lighting system. Accordingly, the photovoltaic area and its associated with costs to compensate electrical energy consumption for the supplementary lighting is estimated to be 0.47 to 2.58 per m2 of greenhouse area, which is equal to $ 171.08 to $ 939.12 per m2 of greenhouse area, respectively.

The growing global population has increased the demands for urban housing development not only in the cities but in suburbs and rural areas as well. This gradual but speedy urbanization and globalization have introduced a new kind of “night lifestyle” among people, who engage in various entertainment activities late in the evening till early mornings. This influx of urban architecture and changes in lifestyles have resulted in increased use of various kinds of lighting systems in our cities to a point where some cities like Mumbai and New York City are known as “the cities that never sleep.” Although this might be contributing significantly to the economy, they cause greater harm-light pollution, with little to no awareness. This paper, therefore, deals with the various types and causes, and thus the consequences of light pollution, ranging from plants, animals, humans to astronomy. The documentation done so far concerning light pollution has been done by scientists and astronomers from the West. Thus, an attempt has been made to assess the awareness ratio among Indians between the ages of 16–65 through an online questionnaire, analyzing the collected data qualitatively. It was found that majority of the participants were not aware about the term ‘light pollution’ and consequently were not aware about the threat that comes with it. So the objective of this review paper is to bring attention to the severity of the issue of light pollution and make people aware of the consequences it has on our lives. All the effective mitigation policies and regulations from various countries around the world that were theorized to deal with this risk and propagate awareness are included. Our goal is to bring these solutions to practice in the Asian and South Asian countries like India and make the masses informed as light pollution is still a relatively new and alien concept.

The presence of localized artificial light at night (or ALAN) drastically changes the landscape for organisms by providing areas of darkness and light within an area that was once only dark. This change can influence the behaviors of organisms in many ways. One such behavior is bird song. Many studies have examined how ALAN influences diurnal bird song, but few have examined its influence on nocturnal birds. We examined the influence of lunar illumination and localized artificial light on the calling behavior of the nocturnal Common Poorwill ( Phalaenoptilus nuttallii; hereafter poorwills). To do so, we erected artificial light stations in poorwill territories and then conducted point count surveys at these stations to count poorwill calls with the lights turned on and off. We hypothesized that artificial light would have a similar effect to lunar illumination, and we would see an increase in calling when the lights were on. However, the results we obtained were mixed. We found there was no significant effect of artificial light on calling rate and, as expected, a strong positive effect of moonlight. Surprisingly, however, there was a negative effect of the interaction between moonlight and artificial light, with birds calling less when artificial light was on during nights with high lunar illumination. One possible reason for this result is increased visibility leading to increased predation risk under high levels of ambient illumination.

Context: Sea turtle hatchlings generally emerge at night from nests on sand beaches and immediately orient using visual cues, which are believed to entail the difference in brightness between the light seen in the seaward direction and that seen in the duneward direction. Aim: The aim of this study was to understand how dune proximity affected hatchling orientations in two sea turtle species that share a nesting beach 15 km long and 25.3 ± 9.4 m (N = 215) from dune to waterline, with low to moderate artificial light nearby. Methods: For hatchling loggerhead and green turtles, we measured accuracy and precision of orientation, tested differences in distance from nest to dune, and investigated the effect of dune proximity on hatchling orientation. Key results: We found a significant decrease in hatchling orientation accuracy and precision in both species as the distance increased from nests to dune. Loggerhead and green turtles showed similar orientation ability when in the same proximity to the dune. Conclusions: We conclude that dune features provide important cues for hatchling orientation on sea turtle nesting beaches. Implications: Restoring and maintaining natural beach profiles, especially dune systems, is likely to increase the accuracy and precision of sea finding in hatchling sea turtles. The article includes results of two species of sea turtle hatchlings' seaward orientation accuracy. Understanding the orientation performance of hatchlings by species is important in assessing the need for and effects of nesting beach management practices, such as sand nourishment. Our study assessed the effects of dune proximity on hatchling orientation in two species of sea turtle. In past, no study has compared orientation among species in one site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indoor landscaping is an environmentally friendly approach that enriches the environment and fosters productivity and comfort for occupants. The practice of incorporating plants into interior spaces requires meticulous care to ensure healthy growth and prolong the benefits of interior greening. This study explores the impact of natural and artificial light, represented by fluorescent lighting on the growth and physiological responses of Codiaeum variegatum and Ardisia japonica. A natural light chamber and an artificial light chamber of identical dimensions were constructed to compare the plants' physiological responses under consistent temperature, humidity, and illuminance conditions. The results indicate that Codiaeum variegatum and Ardisia japonica exhibited higher chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rates under natural light conditions compared to fluorescent lighting. Furthermore, the study found that natural light offers a rich spectral distribution across various wavelengths, providing an advantage for plant growth. Although direct comparisons between natural and artificial light environments are inherently challenging due to the distinct characteristics of each light source, the study emphasizes the importance of considering the rich spectral distribution of natural light when designing artificial lighting systems for optimal plant growth. In conclusion, understanding the effects of natural and artificial light on indoor plants is crucial to supporting plant growth and creating more effective indoor gardening solutions. Although direct comparisons between natural and artificial light environments are inherently challenging due to the distinct characteristics of each light source, natural light provides a more advantageous environment for growth compared to fluorescent lighting, with Codiaeum variegatum and Ardisia japonica both exhibiting a higher chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate under natural light conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is becoming widely understood that besides affecting visual, social and psychological environment, outdoor lighting is also biological environment. This review combines lighting related research efforts of various fields and provides insights for outdoor lighting supporting well-being. The review focuses on the well-being of humans but it is acknowledged that the well-being of humans is largely based on the well-being of the whole ecosystem. The review also briefly discusses the effects of artificial light at night on various organisms and biological systems. Finally, the review summarizes the research results on the possible effects on well-being caused by the changes in intensity, spectrum, spatial distribution and temporal distribution of light. The focus is on the mesopic lighting conditions, as the outdoor environments typically represent such light levels. The results are targeted to affect the design choices of outdoor lighting practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: light intensity and duration are physical factors that affect hormone secretion and circadian rhythms. This study aimed to determine the effects of various light intensities on serum melatonin and cortisol levels. Materials and methods: This experimental study was carried out on 32 male rats: Group 1 as the control group, received a brightness of 150 lux, and groups 2, 3, and 4 as the exposure groups received light intensities of 300, 5000, and 8000 lux for 14 days, respectively. To evaluate hormone levels, blood samples were taken on before and after 7 and 14 days of exposure. Then cortisol and melatonin levels were determined by ELISA. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Results: The results showed that cortisol levels after seven days of exposure in the groups exposed to the light intensity of 300, 5000, and 8000 lux increased significantly compared to the control group, and after 14 days, the level of cortisol in the groups. Exposure to a light intensity of 5000 and 8000 lux increased significantly compared to the control. Also, melatonin levels in the group of rats exposed to the light intensity of 5000 lux and 8000 lux after 7 and 14 days of exposure compared to the control significantly decreased. Conclusion: Increased light intensity is associated with increased melatonin suppression and cortisol levels. It is suggested that more studies be done to prove the effect of different light intensities on changes in the levels of these hormones at varying hours of the day.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of artificial light with different spectral composition and distribution on axial growth in guinea pigs. Three-week-old guinea pigs were randomly assigned to groups exposed to natural light, low color temperature light-emitting diode (LED) light, two full spectrum artificial lights (E light and Julia light) and blue light filtered light with the same intensity. Axial lengths of guinea pigs’ eyes were measured by A-scan ultrasonography prior to the experiment and every 2 weeks during the experiment. After light exposure for 12 weeks, retinal dopamine (DA), dihydroxy-phenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels and DOPAC/DA ratio were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography electrochemical detection and retinal histological structure was observed. Retinal melanopsin expression was detected using Western blot and immunohistochemistry. After exposed to different kinds of light with different spectrum for 4 weeks, the axial lengths of guinea pigs’ eyes in LED group and Julia light group were significantly longer than those of natural light group. After 6 weeks, the axial lengths in LED light group were significantly longer than those of E light group and blue light filtered group. The difference between axial lengths in E light group and Julia light group showed statistical significance after 8 weeks (p

Abstract A variety of anthropogenic threats cause mortality and population declines of procellariiform seabirds. Globally, fledglings of many colonial procellariiforms become stranded in towns and cities during their first flights from the nest, which occur at night. Since the 1960s, when the phenomenon became widely known, these strandings have been largely attributed to attraction toward artificial lights at night (ALAN). Artificial light attraction has been blamed due to the predictable, annual nature of strandings; the large numbers of birds found in lighted areas during stranding events; and the inexperience of fledglings in interpreting sensory stimuli. However, up‐to‐date, few alternative hypotheses to that of light attraction have been suggested, and few if any have been explored experimentally. In this paper, we do not seek to refute the light attraction hypothesis. Instead, our objectives are threefold. We wish to (1) highlight the current evidence for light attraction in procellariiforms; (2) identify where evidence may be lacking or subject to confirmation bias; and (3) suggest alternative hypotheses and possible experimental approaches to study them. Given the imperiled nature of many of the affected species and the need to explore and address this source of mortality, our goal in this review is to accelerate and diversify research efforts on this topic.

A variety of anthropogenic threats cause mortality and population declines of procellariiform seabirds. Globally, fledglings of many colonial procellariiforms become stranded in towns and cities during their first flights from the nest, which occur at night. Since the 1960s, when the phenomenon became widely known, these strandings have been largely attributed to attraction toward artificial lights at night (ALAN). Artificial light attraction has been blamed due to the predictable, annual nature of strandings; the large numbers of birds found in lighted areas during stranding events; and the inexperience of fledglings in interpreting sensory stimuli. However, up‐to‐date, few alternative hypotheses to that of light attraction have been suggested, and few if any have been explored experimentally. In this paper, we do not seek to refute the light attraction hypothesis. Instead, our objectives are threefold. We wish to (1) highlight the current evidence for light attraction in procellariiforms; (2) identify where evidence may be lacking or subject to confirmation bias; and (3) suggest alternative hypotheses and possible experimental approaches to study them. Given the imperiled nature of many of the affected species and the need to explore and address this source of mortality, our goal in this review is to accelerate and diversify research efforts on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam), a member of the bindweed family (Convolvulaceae Juss.), is well known for its food, medicinal, and industrial values. It is estimated that more than 7000 sweet potato cultivars have been bred to date. Jewel sweet potato (I. batatas Lam cv. Jewel) is one of the most popular cultivars of sweet potato grown today because of its high nutritional value, delicious taste, and is suitable for all processing methods. However, little is known about the micropropagation of jewel sweet potato. The purpose of this paper was to study the effect of three important factors, including culture medium, plant growth regulators (PGRs), and artificial light sources, on the induction, proliferation, and growth of in vitro I. batatas 'Jewel' shoots obtained from the axillary bud and shoot tip explants. The different Murashige and Skoog (MS) salt levels (33%, 50%, 100%, and 150%) were used to study the influence of mineral treatment. To assess the influence of PGRs, we used 0.5 mg/L indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) combined with various cytokinins, including 0.5–2.0 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 0.5–2.0 mg/L kinetin (Kn), and 0.1–1.0 mg/L thidiazuron (TDZ). On the other hand, the in vitro shoots were cultivated in a light room with different lighting conditions. Three lighting treatments (differences in the ratio between the red (R) and blue (B) spectra) were used. Research results have shown that the medium containing 50% MS salt concentration supplemented with 0.5 mg/L BAP or 0.5 mg/L Kn combined with 0.5 mg/L IAA was the most suitable for induction, proliferation, and growth of in vitro jewel sweet potato shoots. On the other hand, stem pieces bearing the axillary buds' explants were determined to be suitable for the shoot induction. Using artificial light with different blue/red ratios also had a significant effect on the growth of explants and stimulates shoot or root formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microgreens are foods with high nutritional value, which can be further enhanced with biofortification. Crop biofortification involves increasing the accumulation of target nutrients in edible plant tissues through fertilization or other factors. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the potential for biofortification of some vegetable microgreens through iron (Fe) enrichment. The effect of nutrient solution supplemented with iron chelate (1.5, 3.0 mg/L) on the plant's growth and mineral concentration of purple kohlrabi, radish, pea, and spinach microgreens was studied. Increasing the concentration of Fe in the medium increased the Fe content in the leaves of the species under study, except for radish. Significant interactions were observed between Fe and other microelements (Mn, Zn, and Cu) content in the shoots. With the increase in the intensity of supplementation with Fe, regardless of the species, the uptake of zinc and copper decreased. However, the species examined suggested that the response to Fe enrichment was species-specific. The application of Fe didn't influence plant height or fresh and dry weight. The chlorophyll content index (CCI) was different among species. With increasing fertilisation intensity, a reduction in CCI only in peas resulted. A higher dose of iron in the medium increased the fluorescence yield of spinach and pea microgreens. In conclusion, the tested species, especially spinach and pea, grown in soilless systems are good targets to produce high-quality Fe biofortified microgreens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial light has been used to control plant growth and secondary metabolite production. Artemisia annua L. plants were illuminated with three light-emitting diode (LED) spectra to investigate proteomic and biochemical responses. After 7 days, proteomic data revealed different protein numbers in leaves, stems, and roots under particular treatments. Results demonstrated increased accumulation of several proteins, including secondary metabolite-related proteins. The red light (R) (660 nm) highly induced terpenoid proteins. Similar biochemical profiles were observed in white light (W) (445, 544 nm) and blue light (B) (445 nm) conditions, while profiles from R treatment were different. Functional proteins of W and B treatments were involved in the MVA and MEP pathways and sesquiterpene biosynthesis. By contrast, unique proteins in R treatment were mainly expressed in sesquiterpene and tetraterpene biosynthesis. Specific relationships between biosynthetic proteins and sesquiterpenes were observed, suggesting the indispensable role of the light spectrum in regulating terpenoid biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indoor landscaping is an environmentally friendly approach that enriches the environment and fosters productivity and comfort for occupants. The practice of incorporating plants into interior spaces requires meticulous care to ensure healthy growth and prolong the benefits of interior greening. This study explores the impact of natural and artificial light, represented by fluorescent lighting on the growth and physiological responses of Codiaeum variegatum and Ardisia japonica. A natural light chamber and an artificial light chamber of identical dimensions were constructed to compare the plants’ physiological responses under consistent temperature, humidity, and illuminance conditions. The results indicate that Codiaeum variegatum and Ardisia japonica exhibited higher chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rates under natural light conditions compared to fluorescent lighting. Furthermore, the study found that natural light offers a rich spectral distribution across various wavelengths, providing an advantage for plant growth. Although direct comparisons between natural and artificial light environments are inherently challenging due to the distinct characteristics of each light source, the study emphasizes the importance of considering the rich spectral distribution of natural light when designing artificial lighting systems for optimal plant growth. In conclusion, understanding the effects of natural and artificial light on indoor plants is crucial to supporting plant growth and creating more effective indoor gardening solutions. Although direct comparisons between natural and artificial light environments are inherently challenging due to the distinct characteristics of each light source, natural light provides a more advantageous environment for growth compared to fluorescent lighting, with Codiaeum variegatum and Ardisia japonica both exhibiting a higher chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate under natural light conditions.

Light is considered the main source of energy, it is one of the greatest divine blessings because it is connected with the gift of sight, and life without light can't be on the earth, that led several scientists and researchers to discover this element and its ambiguity, and with the appearance of huge scientific and technological development and progress in all different life aspects light technology has an abundant share of this progress and development that led the artist to discover potentials and aesthetics of the light and it's fascinating results to its plastic treatment.The conscious artist is the one who can reconcile between the functional role of the light inside the artwork and its aesthetic part in showing this work by studying and understanding light characteristics and its interactions with various formation data, so he created through it artworks based upon using artificial light and its modern Techniques, hence appeared using lighting as a formation, once again as an expression and another time as an effect.And artificial light plays an important role in highlighting aesthetic values of mural sculpture through:1- Showing formations and embodiment them whether they are static or dynamic.2- Showing the 3rd dimension which is the sense of perspective depth in design.3- Showing the surfaces whether they are convex, concave or flat.4- Concentrating on subject components in which the artist like to present and hence highlights it.5- Obtaining relief or bas - relief formations by distributing lights and shadows inside artwork.6- Adding luster to some materials when required, as in the case of works carried out with metallic ores or the alpattenh method.7- Adding an aesthetic touch on shapes or faces by using calm smooth lighting.8- Deepening the sense of space, vacuum and formation unit.

Artificial light has been used to control plant growth and secondary metabolite production. Artemisia annua L. plants were illuminated with three light-emitting diode (LED) spectra to investigate proteomic and biochemical responses. After 7 days, proteomic data revealed different protein numbers in leaves, stems, and roots under particular treatments. Results demonstrated increased accumulation of several proteins, including secondary metabolite-related proteins. The red light (R) (660 nm) highly induced terpenoid proteins. Similar biochemical profiles were observed in white light (W) (445, 544 nm) and blue light (B) (445 nm) conditions, while profiles from R treatment were different. Functional proteins of W and B treatments were involved in the MVA and MEP pathways and sesquiterpene biosynthesis. By contrast, unique proteins in R treatment were mainly expressed in sesquiterpene and tetraterpene biosynthesis. Specific relationships between biosynthetic proteins and sesquiterpenes were observed, suggesting the indispensable role of the light spectrum in regulating terpenoid biosynthesis.

This paper investigates the underwater optical image restoration method under the background of underwater target detection based on optical vision in AUVs. The light source used for AUV detection is different when the AUV operates in different depths. The natural light source is used in shallow water and the artificial light source is used in deep water. This paper investigates underwater optical image restoration in these two light conditions. Aiming at the problem of image blurring in underwater optical images, the traditional underwater image restoration method based on scattering model can obtain satisfactory image restoration performance in natural light conditions. However, it cannot obtain the same image restoration result in artificial light conditions. To solve this problem, this paper presents an improved underwater optical image restoration method based on the scattering model. The scattering model and power spectrum are used to solve the initial parameters of the filter, and the parameters are optimized based on an evaluation index. The index of image definition is introduced to evaluate the restoration performance and to achieve the satisfactory image restoration result in both natural light and artificial light conditions. The effectiveness of the presented method is verified by experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial lights are known to induce mass mortality of petrels. This study analyzes this phenomenon in Reunion Island, where four species are impacted: the endemic Barau’s petrel (Pterodroma baraui) and Mascarene petrel (Pseudobulweria aterrima), the tropical shearwater (Puffinus bailloni) and the wedge-tailed shearwater (Ardenna pacifica). 40,036 birds were found grounded between January 1996 and December 2021, most of which were fledglings. Spatial distribution of groundings matched with the distribution and intensity of light pollution. With a mark and recapture method, we estimated that at least 3.93 % of Barau's petrels fledglings are affected by light-induced groundings each year. This method was also used to estimate Barau’s Petrel population around 33,000 breeding pairs. Time series analyses showed strong positive trends of the number of groundings for all species, which were positively correlated with the intensity of light pollution. All species showed a seasonal increase in groundings coinciding with their fledging periods. Interannual variations of Barau's petrel and wedge-tailed shearwater groundings were explained by moon phase at their fledging peaks. We built statistical models to explain year-to-year changes in the number of groundings for each species, and used them to predict the number of groundings in the next decades. We predicted that up to 87,000 petrels may be found grounded from 2022 to 2050 if nothing is done to reduce light pollution. These results and predictions underline the urgent need to strengthen the rescue campaign and to implement strong light reduction measures.

Abstract Artificial light at night (ALAN) has emerged as a prevalent anthropogenic stressor in many aquatic ecosystems impacting a wide range of taxa and ecological processes. In fishes, ALAN attracts both predators and prey, potentially resulting in increased predation mortality and sublethal impacts. Increased predation mortality is especially problematic in anadromous fishes, given that many populations are diminished and out‐migrating juveniles must transit illuminated waterways. Additionally, ALAN management is complex, because lighting benefits human safety, economies, and recreational pursuits. The Sundial Bridge (Redding, CA) is an iconic illuminated structure that spans a section of the little remaining spawning habitat of the endangered winter‐run Chinook Salmon. It was hypothesized that bridge ALAN increased Rainbow Trout predation of winter‐run fry, and a lighting management plan was implemented. However, ALAN impacts on this predator–prey interaction and species‐specific responses were unknown. Therefore, we used tethered salmonid fry and ARIS sonar cameras to determine whether variable ALAN treatments (0%, 25%, 50%, and 100% intensity) altered Rainbow Trout density (RTD) and fry predation risk, while investigating the temporal relationships of RTD with ALAN. ALAN significantly increased RTD on river right when any amount of ALAN was present, potentially leading to competition and fitness consequences; RTD did not change significantly in response to ALAN on river left. Although RTD generally increased in response to ALAN, salmonid fry predation was almost nonexistent. Therefore, while ALAN may decrease out‐migrant survival in other waterways, there was no evidence at our study site. Furthermore, the discrepancies between riverbanks demonstrate the complexity of ALAN and how it interacts with other environmental parameters potentially providing optimal foraging habitat. The Rainbow Trout attraction to ALAN, which occurred immediately with diminishing ambient light, indicates that complete ALAN removal may be necessary to mitigate ecological consequences of ALAN. When removal is unrealistic, ALAN should be diminished as early in the night as possible to minimize aquatic ecosystem impacts, while maintaining benefits for human populations.

Chicory (Chicorium intybus L.) is a perennial herb of the family Asteraceae, widely distributed in Asia and Europe, commonly used industrially as a raw material for extracting inulin because of a high content of inulin and biologically active compounds. Light conditions and plant growth regulators (PGRs) are two of many factors that affect the growth and inulin content of chicory callus. The aim of this work is to study the effect of PGRs and light conditions on proliferation and accumulation of inulin of chicory callus in vitro. In this study, we used semi-solid MS medium supplemented with different auxins (including Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), naphthylacetic acid (NAA), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)) at a concentration of 5.5–9.5 mg/L in combination with 2.0 mg/L 6 benzylaminopurine (BA) to determine induction and proliferation of callus. The increasing value of callus fresh weight was used to assess the growth of the callus in treatments. The results showed that a steady increase in callus fresh weight and inulin content in callus cells was obtained when they were cultured on MS medium supplemented with a combination of 2.0 mg/L BA with 7.5 mg/L IAA in lighting conditions with radiation equalized by the flux density of photosynthetic photons and ratios of radiation levels in the region of FR—far red > R—red. Increasing demand for organic inulin sources in production practice can be met by our finding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]